Abstract: Instead of keeping the title of the paper as simple as “The Fifth State of Matter” or “The Bose-Einstein Condensate”, the author has purposely chosen the present title in order to create interest amongst the readers. Starting right from Robert Boyle of the seventeenth century and right to the end of the twentieth century, the contents of the paper is divided into four steps as per the title of the paper, each step corresponding to a century. Thus the reader might expect some change in the research methodology. For a reader, generally, thinking comes during reading or after some reading. The author advises the readers to go through the entire paper at a stretch and understand the history and philosophy of the subject. As a picture speaks thousand words, pictures of scientists are given at appropriate places. Some of the illustrative diagrams are drawn by the author himself. As research papers on a topic of this kind are very rare, the author has taken material from some classical books. Mathematics, being the language of Physics appears at some places and hence the paper is meant for physicists and chemists.

Keywords: Absolute scale, Absolute zero, Adiabatic demagnetization, Bose condensation, Boyle’s law, Charle’s law, Gay Lusaac Law, Helium atom, Hobbe’s freezing dispute, Joule-Kelvin effect, Laser cooling, Magneto Optical Trap, Nernst Heat Theorem, Pressure coefficient, Van der Waal’s equation, Volume coefficient.